China- A Brief Overview
China has a long and interesting history. It is known today for its recent economic success and massive increases in exports over the past twenty years. But China also has a long and interesting history. It is the place where silkworms were first raised to produce silk and tea was grown to make a hot beverage. Inventions such as gunpowder was invented, paper was first produced, and a very basic seismograph was created. The Chinese also created the first civil service system. Civil service systems are designed to enable the most talented people to be hired for government positions. In the field of medicine, acupuncture was developed to alleviate pain and improve health. Many of these Chinese advancements were spread around the world by way of the famous Silk Road. The Silk Road routes linked China with western Asia, Africa, and Europe.
This page will focus on providing an overview of China. It will discuss the physical and human geography of China. Additionally, it will give a very brief overview of certain points in Chinese history. Finally, it will discuss the current situation in China and the way it has become one of the top economies in the world.
This page will focus on providing an overview of China. It will discuss the physical and human geography of China. Additionally, it will give a very brief overview of certain points in Chinese history. Finally, it will discuss the current situation in China and the way it has become one of the top economies in the world.
The Geography of China
China is a wide country that covers five time zones. It is slightly smaller than the United States, but the population is much larger. Most of China’s 1,379,302,771 people live along the eastern coast and North China Plain. This area is dominated by plains, river valleys, and other areas where people would want to live. To the west, the land is dominated by deserts, high plateaus, and mountain ranges. The world’s highest mountain range, the Himalaya Mountain Range, forms China’s southwestern border. Mt. Everest, the highest mountain in the world, is located here on China’s border with the country of Nepal. The second highest mountain in the world, K2, is located on China’s border with Pakistan. Bordering the Himalaya Mountains is the huge Tibet Plateau, usually referred to as the Tibetan Plateau.
The Gobi Desert is located on the northern part of the country. This desert is located in both China and Mongolia and is known for the large amount of desert loess that blows across Asia. But arguably the most significant geography of China is its river. The Huang River, formally known as the Yellow River, is thought to be the location of China’s earliest civilizations. To the south is the Yangtze River, a major river that flows through central China and flows into the ocean north of Shanghai. Further south is the Mekong River. It originates in China before flowing through south-east Asia and into the ocean in Vietnam.
The Gobi Desert is located on the northern part of the country. This desert is located in both China and Mongolia and is known for the large amount of desert loess that blows across Asia. But arguably the most significant geography of China is its river. The Huang River, formally known as the Yellow River, is thought to be the location of China’s earliest civilizations. To the south is the Yangtze River, a major river that flows through central China and flows into the ocean north of Shanghai. Further south is the Mekong River. It originates in China before flowing through south-east Asia and into the ocean in Vietnam.
Early Chinese Civilizations
Archeological excavations have shown that early Chinese civilizations originated along the Huang River and the Huang River Valley. These people began to plant rice, which became a major part of their diet. Over time they spread out and created customs and traditions that became part of their culture. These early civilizations faced yearly flooding that would ravage homes and towns. Perhaps because of this the people started to form government structures that could attempt to tackle the flooding problem. Eventually, a dynasty came into being. While we know that the Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in Chinese history, what we know about them is little due their existence before history was recorded.
The Shang Dynasty and the Bronze Age In China
China's second dynasty was called the Shang Dynasty and they came to power around 1600 BC. The Shang were known for their outstanding use of bronze. Beginning with the Shang and continuing with Zhou, Chinese artisans created a variety of bronze items that ranged from works of art to drinking vessels.
The Shang were also known for their use of oracle bones and turtle shells. Oracle bones refers to animal bones that had been cleaned, had small hallowed-out areas dug into the bone, and then engraved with special pictures or words. The words would normally be questions or predictions about the future. These hallowed-out areas of the bone would then be exposed to a hot rod that would crack the bone. The resulting cracks would then be "read" and messages from Shang ancestors could be interpreted. The answers were then carved into the bones. Interestingly, oracle bones are some of the earliest known written artifacts from the Shang Dynasty. Towards the end of the Shang Dynasty several different groups started to challenge the Shang for power.
The Shang were also known for their use of oracle bones and turtle shells. Oracle bones refers to animal bones that had been cleaned, had small hallowed-out areas dug into the bone, and then engraved with special pictures or words. The words would normally be questions or predictions about the future. These hallowed-out areas of the bone would then be exposed to a hot rod that would crack the bone. The resulting cracks would then be "read" and messages from Shang ancestors could be interpreted. The answers were then carved into the bones. Interestingly, oracle bones are some of the earliest known written artifacts from the Shang Dynasty. Towards the end of the Shang Dynasty several different groups started to challenge the Shang for power.
The Zhou Dynasties and the Rise of Silk
The group that prevailed after the demise of the Shang was the Zhou Dynasty (pronounced like the English name Joe). Their dynasty would rule for over 800 years from about 1,000 BC to 256 BC. The Zhou have the distinction of being the longest ruling dynasty in Chinese history. This long period of time can be divided into two major periods- the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou. The Western Zhou were known for mainly being farmers. But, during this period the production of silk became a major industry.
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Sericulture - Silk Production Basics
People have been raising silkworms and producing silk for thousands of years. Silk production is thought to have originated in China and then spread from there to Japan, other parts of Asia, and eventually to Europe. The production of silk is a lengthy process that first requires the growing of mulberry trees. This is an essential food of Bombyx morisilk, commonly referred to as silk worms. Silk worms hatch from eggs spend roughly 25 days in the larva stage as caterpillars. During this time the silk worm feeds on mulberry leaves and it molts several times. It then works to weave a cocoon and remains in this pupa stage for about ten to twelve days. After this period it emerges as a moth and eventually attempts to mate before it dies. It is during the cocoon stage of life that silk worms are collected to make silk. The cocoons are boiled to make the thread fibers separate and the silk threads are spun on a spool. The completed spools can then be woven to make silk garments.
People have been raising silkworms and producing silk for thousands of years. Silk production is thought to have originated in China and then spread from there to Japan, other parts of Asia, and eventually to Europe. The production of silk is a lengthy process that first requires the growing of mulberry trees. This is an essential food of Bombyx morisilk, commonly referred to as silk worms. Silk worms hatch from eggs spend roughly 25 days in the larva stage as caterpillars. During this time the silk worm feeds on mulberry leaves and it molts several times. It then works to weave a cocoon and remains in this pupa stage for about ten to twelve days. After this period it emerges as a moth and eventually attempts to mate before it dies. It is during the cocoon stage of life that silk worms are collected to make silk. The cocoons are boiled to make the thread fibers separate and the silk threads are spun on a spool. The completed spools can then be woven to make silk garments.
Eastern Zhou
During the rule of the Zhou the capital city shifted east to the city of Luoyang and the rule of the Eastern Zhou began. Like the previous capital Luoyang was also located next to the Huang River. This period of history saw the rise of several advancements in Chinese history. Iron began to come into wide use and it was reflected in the weapons of the era. The rulers also directed the building of several canals and irrigation systems. This helped tackle the problem of flooding along the Huang River while also helping to increase food production.
It was during this period that a major Chinese scholar and philosopher from Lu Province gained fame. His name was Kong Fuzi and he lived from 551 B.C. to 479 B.C. Kong Fuzi's name later became known in the western world as Confucius after Catholic Jesuit missionaries returned from China. Confucius lived during a turbulent time of China's history. The troubled times likely impacted his opinions and beliefs. During his life Confucius created a set of principles that has become to be known as Confucianism. These principles were a combination of moral codes and philosophies that prescribed how people should live their lives. He taught respect for rulers, respect for parents, and humility. The teachings of Confucius were eventually compiled and put into a book called the Analects.
During the rule of the Zhou the capital city shifted east to the city of Luoyang and the rule of the Eastern Zhou began. Like the previous capital Luoyang was also located next to the Huang River. This period of history saw the rise of several advancements in Chinese history. Iron began to come into wide use and it was reflected in the weapons of the era. The rulers also directed the building of several canals and irrigation systems. This helped tackle the problem of flooding along the Huang River while also helping to increase food production.
It was during this period that a major Chinese scholar and philosopher from Lu Province gained fame. His name was Kong Fuzi and he lived from 551 B.C. to 479 B.C. Kong Fuzi's name later became known in the western world as Confucius after Catholic Jesuit missionaries returned from China. Confucius lived during a turbulent time of China's history. The troubled times likely impacted his opinions and beliefs. During his life Confucius created a set of principles that has become to be known as Confucianism. These principles were a combination of moral codes and philosophies that prescribed how people should live their lives. He taught respect for rulers, respect for parents, and humility. The teachings of Confucius were eventually compiled and put into a book called the Analects.
The Warring States Period
During the rule of the various dynasties there were several other "states" that existed within the realm. Several of the major states during this time period were the Chu, Lu, Qi, Wei, Han, Sung, and the Qin. Technically, these states were under the rule of the dominant dynasty. But in reality, each of these states had their own ideas and often attempted to challenge the authority of ruling dynasty. These rivalries often resulted in clashes between the various state armies. During the time that is known as the "Warring States Period" these rivalries intensified as each tried to topple the Zhou and establish a new dominant dynasty. In fact, the Zhou Dynasty lost power and their was a gap in leadership until the next dynasty emerged to rule over the area.
The Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty
Out of this turbulent period arose the rule of another dynasty- the Qin (also known as the Ch'in). The other states had viewed the Qin from the west as being backward and unsophisticated. But, the Qin had made it their goal to become more powerful and to defeat the other states. The entire aristocratic structure was changed over time and nobility titles were awarded based on ability. This type of system is referred to as a meritocracy. With the Qin though, scholarly skills were less important than military skills and leadership. They also imposed a system of labor whereby people were expected to work for the good of the state on large state projects. Some people who excelled at their work were rewarded with plots of land after their service.
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This is the system that saw the rise of a new leader- Cheng. The new leader became the leader of his people when he was just thirteen years old. Before he started to govern on his own at the age of 22, several officials ruled in his name. During this time the officials waged war against other states. Cheng continued the work of the officials when he came of age and eventually all of the other states in 221 B.C. He then declared himself to be the emperor and changed his name to Qin Shi Huang Di. He is known for being a powerful and oftentimes harsh leader of his people. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced to build long roads that helped to facilitate trade. They were also forced to begin construction of the Great Wall to protect China from barbarian invaders. It was during his reign that writing characters were standardized, as well as weights and measures.
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The Great Wall of China stretches over 21,000 kilometers across northern China. The Great Wall follows the high ground over much of its length. The section shown in these pictures was built during the Ming Dynasty and has been restored. It is located north of Beijing.
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Guards were stationed all along the Great Wall. The lower section housed troops, while the upper levels were used as observation decks. Soldiers could communicate quickly with other posts by using fire, smoke, flags, and other means. Soldiers could move quickly between positions on the wall if necessary.
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The height of the wall varies, but many places are at least six meters above the ground. Guards on the wall took advantage of the terrain and height to prevent their enemies from threatening China. Archers armed with crossbows could fire down at invading soldiers from the walls.
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But Qin Shi Huang Di's fierce reputation is matched for the desire to live forever. He searched far and wide for a solution to aging and death. Ironically, his quest for eternal life may have actually been the cause of an early death. When he did die, he was buried with an army of terra cotta warriors that numbered in the thousands. The soldiers were created in the form of kneeling archers, standing archers, cavalry soldiers with horses, and infantry warriors. A fascinating fact about the terra cotta warriors is that each of the figures is different than the others. Qin Shi Huang Di's tomb is located near the city Xi'an in Shaanxi Province.
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By the time the Ch'in Dynasty ended in 207 B.C. they went down in history as the first empire of a unified China, the first Emperor in Chinese history, the builder of long roads for trade, and the dynasty that began building the Great Wall of China. But perhaps their biggest legacy is that the name of their Ch'in dynasty was used to form the name that we know them by today- China.
Han Dynasty and the Development of the Silk Road
The rapid fall of the Ch'in Dynasty was followed by the rise of the Han Dynasty.
A basic concept throughout history is that ideas and technology spread via trade and travel to other cultures and societies. This too happened with the production techniques for producing silk.
During the Han dynasty, 206 B.C. to 220 A.D., silk became the major export product. A major part of this trade took place on series of trade routes referred to as the Silk Road. Opening in 130 B.C., this extensive network of trade routes stretched from China to the edge of Europe. The Han built army garrisons along the route through China to protect the caravans from "barbarians" from the north and criminal bandits.
Although it is referred to as the Silk Road, it was actually a series of routes. One major route went through India and Iran, while another route ran parallel to it but was located farther north. But there were still more routes than this and some sea routes were considered part of the Silk Road. Caravans of camels and horses crossed over 4,600 miles (about 7,402 kilometers) through deserts and mountains to transport silk and other goods from China. European and western Asia products such as wool, gold, and horses were traded for the silk and sent back to China. Caravans and other travelers would often stay at caravanserais. The word caravanserai is derived from the Persian word khan (خان ) and means inn.
The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by another period of disorder in which several groups competed for power. This period between the Han and the next dynasty, the Sui, is referred to as the Period of Disunion.
A basic concept throughout history is that ideas and technology spread via trade and travel to other cultures and societies. This too happened with the production techniques for producing silk.
During the Han dynasty, 206 B.C. to 220 A.D., silk became the major export product. A major part of this trade took place on series of trade routes referred to as the Silk Road. Opening in 130 B.C., this extensive network of trade routes stretched from China to the edge of Europe. The Han built army garrisons along the route through China to protect the caravans from "barbarians" from the north and criminal bandits.
Although it is referred to as the Silk Road, it was actually a series of routes. One major route went through India and Iran, while another route ran parallel to it but was located farther north. But there were still more routes than this and some sea routes were considered part of the Silk Road. Caravans of camels and horses crossed over 4,600 miles (about 7,402 kilometers) through deserts and mountains to transport silk and other goods from China. European and western Asia products such as wool, gold, and horses were traded for the silk and sent back to China. Caravans and other travelers would often stay at caravanserais. The word caravanserai is derived from the Persian word khan (خان ) and means inn.
The fall of the Han dynasty was followed by another period of disorder in which several groups competed for power. This period between the Han and the next dynasty, the Sui, is referred to as the Period of Disunion.
Sui Dynasty
The beginning of the Sui dynasty, pronounced SWAY, began when a ruler named Yang Jian unified China again in the year 589. China under the Sui occupied the eastern portion of modern-day China. Although it did not last long, the Sui dynasty did usher in a period of increased trade in and around China. They also began working on a series of canal projects that would have a lasting impact on China. The largest of these projects was the creation of the Grand Canal. Only a portion of the canal was completed by the time the Sui dynasty fell in 618.
Tang Dynasty
The Tang dynasty came to power after the fall of the Sui dynasty. It was ruled from the largest city in China during that period, Chang'an (chang-AHN). Over time the name of the city changed to Xi'an. It was a major city for trade and goods were transported over long distances. Tang rule in China was characterized by artistic and cultural achievements. Gunpowder, woodblock printing, and porcelain were invented during this time. Porcelain, silk, jade, rice, and tea were all traded with many distant lands. To accommodate an increase in trade, the Grand Canal was extended and other canals were built. The compass, invented during an earlier period, was also perfected to allow Chinese vessels to travel long distances. China's size increased during the rule of the Tang and expanded to the west to include the Tian Shan Mountains and the Taklimakan Desert. A major event in Chinese history occurred during the rule of the Tank. Empress Wu, the only woman to ever rule China, governed the country for nearly 50 years. Tang rule ended in 907 after nearly 300 years in power.
Song Dynasty
After another short period of disorder followed before the Song dynasty came to power. They too would rule for approximately 300 years until the year 1279. During their reign movable type was invented and paper money began to be used. It was also during this time that the concept of a civil service system was created. It operated under the idea that the most talented and educated people should work for the government. This was accomplished by having people compete for government jobs by taking civil service exams. Students often studied for many years before taking the exams. The concept of a civil service system is still used today and has spread throughout the world.
The Mongols (Yuan Dynasty)
While China was thriving there was another empire that was getting stronger to the north- Mongol Empire. The Mongols had a long history of being nomadic. They were known for being skilled horsemen and warriors who traveled easily across the steppe of Mongolia. They were led in their expansion by a powerful warrior named Temujin, who they renamed Temujin Genghis Khan (universal leader). He succeeded in unifying Mongolia in 1206 in what is now modern Mongolia. The reputation of the fierce Mongol warriors grew as they traveled west along the steppe that stretches from Mongolia to Hungary. Along the way they defeated all of the armies in the path. Towns and armies that failed to surrender were destroyed. Those that did surrender were taken over and their men were forced to join the Mongol army. Eventually they made their way to Hungary in Europe. A smaller Mongol force moved northwest in 1241 and defeated a Polish army at the Battle of Legnica.
Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan, continued the family tradition when he defeated the people of southern China, eastern Vietnam, and parts of Burma (modern-day Myanmar). Kublai Khan attempted to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281 using a combination of Chinese and Korean coastal vessels. These two attempts involved thousands of ships. Unfortunately for the Mongols, these attacks occurred during the late summer and fall when powerful typhoons (tropical cyclones) tend to occur in Japan. Both invasion fleets are said to have been destroyed by the typhoons as they were attacking Japan's Kyushu Island. This gave rise to the legend of the kamikazi, divine winds that are believed to destroy Japan's enemies.
Kublai Khan was more successful in defeating the ruling Song Dynasty of China in 1280. At this point in history the Mongol rule of China became knows as the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Empire worked to improve the road system so that trade could be increased, as well as profits. During this period, the Silk Road continued to be busy with trade moving east and west. It is also the time period that the famous Venetian explorer from Venice, Marco Polo, traveled the Silk Road and visited China. Polo spent 17 years in China during the late 1200s. After he returned he wrote of what he had seen and experienced in Eastern Asia. Polo is credited with being the first European to write about East Asia in detail during this period. In fact, knowledge of China and East Asia was so limited that many people thought his descriptions were fiction. It is likely that Polo brought silk back when he returned to Venice.
Genghis Khan’s grandson, Kublai Khan, continued the family tradition when he defeated the people of southern China, eastern Vietnam, and parts of Burma (modern-day Myanmar). Kublai Khan attempted to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281 using a combination of Chinese and Korean coastal vessels. These two attempts involved thousands of ships. Unfortunately for the Mongols, these attacks occurred during the late summer and fall when powerful typhoons (tropical cyclones) tend to occur in Japan. Both invasion fleets are said to have been destroyed by the typhoons as they were attacking Japan's Kyushu Island. This gave rise to the legend of the kamikazi, divine winds that are believed to destroy Japan's enemies.
Kublai Khan was more successful in defeating the ruling Song Dynasty of China in 1280. At this point in history the Mongol rule of China became knows as the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Empire worked to improve the road system so that trade could be increased, as well as profits. During this period, the Silk Road continued to be busy with trade moving east and west. It is also the time period that the famous Venetian explorer from Venice, Marco Polo, traveled the Silk Road and visited China. Polo spent 17 years in China during the late 1200s. After he returned he wrote of what he had seen and experienced in Eastern Asia. Polo is credited with being the first European to write about East Asia in detail during this period. In fact, knowledge of China and East Asia was so limited that many people thought his descriptions were fiction. It is likely that Polo brought silk back when he returned to Venice.
The Ming Dynasty
As is the case with all empires, the power of the Yuan Dynasty waned over time and they were replaced by yet another dynasty- the Ming. The rule of the Ming Dynasty in China is known as a time of cultural and technological achievements. The reign of the Ming Dynasty lasted from 1368 to 1644. To put that in perspective, it is the same time period that Johannes Gutenberg improved movable type for printing and Christopher Columbus sailed to the Americas.
Many of the best known achievements were begun under the most famous leader of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di (known as the Yongle Emperor). He came to power in 1402 after a power struggle with the previous emperor Zhu Yunwen. As a result of the power struggle Emperor Zhu Di eventually moved the capital city from Nanjing to Beijing (an area where Zhu Di had a lot of supporters).
Zhu Di was a leader who ruled with a iron fist and was known to have a secret police force to prevent threats to his rule. He focused much of his efforts on the army and extending his power. Major upgrades to the Great Wall of China were made to make it stronger and more effective. In fact, most tourists who visit the Great Wall of China visit the restored parts north of the Ming capital city of Beijing. The improvements to the Great Wall of China were part of the Ming's efforts to push the Mongols back to the north in modern-day Mongolia. They generally succeeded in this, but they needed to improve the wall to keep the Mongols and other groups out of China.
Many of the best known achievements were begun under the most famous leader of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Di (known as the Yongle Emperor). He came to power in 1402 after a power struggle with the previous emperor Zhu Yunwen. As a result of the power struggle Emperor Zhu Di eventually moved the capital city from Nanjing to Beijing (an area where Zhu Di had a lot of supporters).
Zhu Di was a leader who ruled with a iron fist and was known to have a secret police force to prevent threats to his rule. He focused much of his efforts on the army and extending his power. Major upgrades to the Great Wall of China were made to make it stronger and more effective. In fact, most tourists who visit the Great Wall of China visit the restored parts north of the Ming capital city of Beijing. The improvements to the Great Wall of China were part of the Ming's efforts to push the Mongols back to the north in modern-day Mongolia. They generally succeeded in this, but they needed to improve the wall to keep the Mongols and other groups out of China.
This model ship is on display at the Ming Tombs in Changling. This type was the largest ship used during the seven voyages headed by Admiral Zheng He. The ship was advanced for the time period and was over 138 meters long.
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The picture above shows an ornate jade sculpture In Beijing, China. Ming artisans were known for their artistic ability to craft products constructed of jade, ivory, and porcelain.
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Cloisonne enamelware became very popular during the Ming Dynasty. It typically was constructed of copper with an enamel coating and then hand-painted. The picture above shows a cloisonne vase at the Huairou Cloisonne Factory north of Beijing.
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Emperor Zhu Di was said to be curious of the outside world. He used large naval fleets, called armadas, to conduct diplomatic and trade missions that took them far from China. Many of the most famous missions were headed by Admiral Zheng He. From 1405 to 1433 he made seven trips from China. Zheng He’s fleet of ships were the most advanced and largest vessels in the world at that time. The fleets included up to 60 ships and were intended to show the wealth and power of China. They ventured to ports throughout Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the north-eastern coast of Africa. Many of the ships were loaded with gifts from the Emperor: tea, silk, porcelain, lacquerware, and other items. In return, the countries that they visited were encouraged to send gifts back to the Emperor. The voyages of the armadas were successful in spreading knowledge about China and increasing their prestige.
The Forbidden City
Recall that Emperor Zhu Di moved the capital city from Nanjing to the city of Beijing. This was completed over many years between 1406 and 1420. The year 1420 is significant because it marked the completion of one of the greatest achievements of the Ming Dynasty- the Forbidden City. As the name reflects, the 72-hectare imperial palace was off-limits to most common people. It was the main residence of the Emperor and his family during the reign of fourteen Ming (1368-1644) and ten Qing (1644-1912) Dynasties. It was also the workplace of the bureaucrats that managed the affairs of the empire.
The Meridian Gate Is the Largest Gate Within the Forbidden City
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The Hall of Supreme Harmony Inside the Forbidden City
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The Imperial Throne at Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City
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Built in the heart of Beijing, the Forbidden City is filled with many buildings and nearly 9,000 rooms. But it is more than just a palace, it also acts as fortress. As such, a 52 meter wide moat and a 10 meter high perimeter wall protects the Forbidden City. Entrance to the Forbidden City is made through a few very large gates. But, several gates are also located inside the Forbidden City that serve a variety of purposes. There are also several large buildings that are referred to as “halls.” The largest of these is the Hall of Supreme Harmony and it was used during major celebrations. In front of the hall sits several statues. The bronze turtle and crane statutes both symbolize longevity. There are also a pair of bronze lions that symbolically guard the entrance to the building.
A Bronze Turtle Outside the Hall of Supreme Harmony
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A Dragon Roof Decoration On the Hall of Supreme Harmony
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A Lion Statue Near the Entrance to Hall of Supreme Harmony
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Chinese emperors lived in the Forbidden City from the time that it was constructed and throughout the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Although the Qing Dynasty ended in 1912, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty was allowed to continue to live in the Forbidden City. This changed in 1925 when Emperor Puyi was forced to move and the new Palace Museum was created within the walls of the Forbidden City. Now, the Palace Museum is annually visited by millions of people from around the world.
The Chinese began to take steps to preserve the Forbidden City in the 1920s. In doing so, it showed the importance of the Forbidden City to the Chinese people. Over time, it was transformed into a museum. It was later recognized by the world when it became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. As is the case with all UNESCO World Heritage sites, it meets the requirement of having “outstanding universal value.” UNESCO emphasized the important of the Forbidden City because it “is the supreme model in the development of ancient Chinese palaces, providing insight into the social development of late dynastic China, especially the ritual and court culture.”
The Chinese began to take steps to preserve the Forbidden City in the 1920s. In doing so, it showed the importance of the Forbidden City to the Chinese people. Over time, it was transformed into a museum. It was later recognized by the world when it became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. As is the case with all UNESCO World Heritage sites, it meets the requirement of having “outstanding universal value.” UNESCO emphasized the important of the Forbidden City because it “is the supreme model in the development of ancient Chinese palaces, providing insight into the social development of late dynastic China, especially the ritual and court culture.”
The building above is the Gate of Heavenly Purity and is the main entrance to the inner court. Very few officials and bureaucrats were allowed to enter the inner court.
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Many of the roofs of the larger buildings in the Forbideen City have ornately decorated and colorful eaves. Glazed tiles are common and many feature mythical creatures and intricate designs.
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This water vat is but one of the many vats located inside the Forbidden City. The fear of fire was so great that some containers were kept heated during the winter months to prevent them from freezing.
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The Pavilion of Myriad Springs Inside the Imperial Garden
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Vase Inside A Building In the Forbidden City
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Hall of Central Harmony
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The Ming Tombs
The Ming Tomb complex was another major building project undertaken by the Ming. A route called the Sacred Way was constructed to lead people to the tombs. The route ended at the Changling Tomb- the tomb of Emperor Zhu Di.
The Steele Pavilion contains the huge Devine Merit and Sage Virtue Stele. It is located at the south end of the Sacred Way.
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This giant 50 ton stone tortoise sits inside the Steele Pavilian. A large seven-meter tall steele rises up behind him and is inscribed with the names of the emperors who interred at the Ming Tombs.
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This xiezhi stature is one of the thirty-six statues that line the Sacred Way. The human and animal figures sit facing each other along the path.
The Sacred Way stretches seven kilometers and leads to the Ming Tombs.
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The Changling Tomb was the first to be built and spans roughly 100 hectares near Tianshou Mountain. Eventually, thirteen of the sixteen Ming emperors passed away and were interred in their own mausoleums.
The Ming Tombs, located near the Tianshou Mountains in Changling, is where the 13 Ming Emperors are buried. The Ming Tombs were able to demonstrate that they had "outstanding universal value" and the tombs were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2003.
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The building above is called Ling'en (Hall of Eminent Favor
). Offerings for the deceased emperor and empress were brought to this building and sacrificial ceremonies were performed.
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This is one of two silk and prayer burning stoves at Changling. It is lined with green and yellow glazed tiles. Burnt prayers and other offerings were thought to make their way to the deceased emperors.
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Zhu Di was the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty. During his reign, from 1402 to 1424, he was referred to as the Yongle Emperor. He is credited with moving the capital back to Beijing from Nanjing and for sending Admiral Zheng He on his expeditions.
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Looking Up at Changling Tomb of Emperor Zhu Di and Empress Xu.
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While the Ming began their reign by voyaging far and wide for trade, this changed over time and they began to think negatively of foreigners. A policy of isolationism was imposed by the Emperor and trade with other countries came to a stop. This xenophobia marked the latter half of the Ming hold on power. The Ming slowly declined in power and began to face pressure from different groups. In 1644 the Manchurians, from the northeastern part of China, succeeded in toppling the Ming. The rule of the Manchurians, known as the Qing Dynasty, lasted until the fall of the imperial system in 1911.
Modern China
The official name of China is the People's Republic of China. China has over a billion citizens, many of whom live in the eastern half of the country. Although the country is very large, the entire country lies within one time zone.
When most people think about China they likely think about inexpensive products that are available at their local stores. This perception is probably due to the fact that China is an “emerging economy.” It is a country that is in the process of developing and modernizing its economy. As such, their workers provide labor that is much cheaper than in developed countries and makes their products cheaper. All the while it is allowing millions of people in China to improve their economic status and improve their lives. China is now ranked as the second largest economy in the world (after the USA).
When most people think about China they likely think about inexpensive products that are available at their local stores. This perception is probably due to the fact that China is an “emerging economy.” It is a country that is in the process of developing and modernizing its economy. As such, their workers provide labor that is much cheaper than in developed countries and makes their products cheaper. All the while it is allowing millions of people in China to improve their economic status and improve their lives. China is now ranked as the second largest economy in the world (after the USA).
Great Hall of the People Facing Tiananmen Square
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The National Flag in Tiananmen Square
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An Army Guard in Tiananmen Square
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The current name of the country, a people’s republic, is a dead giveaway that they have a communist form of government. In fact, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) controls every aspect of the government in China. China’s legislature meets in the Great Hall of the People, located on the west side of Tiananmen Square. It was completed in 1959 and it is the meeting place of representatives from around China. Interestingly, China considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province and it reserves a room for it within the Great Hall of the People.
It is important to understand that communism is very different from the various forms of democratic government. In communism, the communist party runs the government and the economy. In other words, everything that is done is done in accordance with the wishes of the communist party itself. In some cases there are elections, but the candidates are either part of or approved by the communist party. The president and vice president are indirectly elected by the 2,952 members of the National People's Congress. The term in office for these offices is five years. In March of 2018 the National People's Congress voted to amend the constitution and end the policy of term limits for the nation’s leader. Thus, any person who opposes the government and its policies is actually opposing the party itself.
This is what protesters were up against in 1989. Thousands of pro-democracy protesters, many of them university students, demonstrated for several weeks during the spring of 1989. The Chinese Government responded by declaring martial law and sending in thousands of troops and tanks. One man made news around the world when he stood in front of a column of tanks to keep them from moving forward. The Chinese Government succeeded in ending the protest, but at least 241 people died and thousands were injured. Many of the protest participants ended up going to prison. To this day it is still illegal to commemorate the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
It is important to understand that communism is very different from the various forms of democratic government. In communism, the communist party runs the government and the economy. In other words, everything that is done is done in accordance with the wishes of the communist party itself. In some cases there are elections, but the candidates are either part of or approved by the communist party. The president and vice president are indirectly elected by the 2,952 members of the National People's Congress. The term in office for these offices is five years. In March of 2018 the National People's Congress voted to amend the constitution and end the policy of term limits for the nation’s leader. Thus, any person who opposes the government and its policies is actually opposing the party itself.
This is what protesters were up against in 1989. Thousands of pro-democracy protesters, many of them university students, demonstrated for several weeks during the spring of 1989. The Chinese Government responded by declaring martial law and sending in thousands of troops and tanks. One man made news around the world when he stood in front of a column of tanks to keep them from moving forward. The Chinese Government succeeded in ending the protest, but at least 241 people died and thousands were injured. Many of the protest participants ended up going to prison. To this day it is still illegal to commemorate the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
Tiananmen Gate (also known as the Gate of Heavenly Peace) - This massive gate was originally built in 1417, but it had to be rebuilt following a fire.
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The National Museum of China - Thousands of artifacts from China's history are on display in the museum.
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Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square - This granite obelisk is located in the center of Tiananmen Square and it pays tribute to China's heroes from the 1800s and 1900s.
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Tiananmen Square is located in central Beijing and said to be the largest public square in the world. It is similar to the Mall in Washington, D.C. in that it is a large public area with government buildings and museums surrounding it. The square gets its name from the large Tiananmen Gate (also known as the Gate of Heavenly Peace) that leads to the Forbidden City. The Gate is located on the north side of Tiananmen Square and it is perhaps the best known Chinese building in the world. This is likely due to the fact that there is a huge iconic portrait of Communist China’s most famous revolutionary leader, Mao Zedong, hanging there. He ushered in the communist era when he came to power in 1949.
The Portrait of Mao Zedong on the Gate of Heavenly Peace In Tiananmen Square - People throughout China refer to him as Chairman Mao. He led China from the time that the communists came to power in 1949 until his death in 1976.
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A Large Revolutionary Statue Next to Chairman Mao's Mausoleum - This type of revolutionary art is common in communist countries. The art celebrates the triumph of communist peasant workers and soldiers.
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Chairman Mao's Mausoleum in Tiananmen Square in Beijing - Mao's body has been preserved and lies in an air conditioned display. Thousands pay their respects to the deceased leader every day. Cameras are strictly prohibited!
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